The brain on all the levels (35) the COGNITIVE DETERIORATIONS ASSOCIATED With the ALZHEIMER (capsules) initial level.
THE COGNITIVE DETERIORATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ALZHEIMER
(capsules) initial level.
One speaks about neurogégénératives diseases to indicate various pathologies leading gradually to died of the neurons and the destruction of the nervous system.
So some of these diseases touch the child or the young adult, the majority occurs after 65 years. The attacks can be with cognitive prevalence as for the insanity of the Alzheimer type, with driving prevalence as for the Parkinson's disease, or the association of both as in chorée of Huntington or disease of Creutzfeldt-Jakob.
One finds certain similarities between the various neurodégénératives diseases. For the majority, genetic factors at the origin of a hereditary form of the disease are known, but the disease also occurs in a “sporadic” form known as, in an isolated way, which does not exclude however the implication from genetic factors.
The types of neurons as well as the touched cerebral zones vary largely according to the various neurodégénératives diseases. The pyramidal neurons of the temporal cortex are touched hard by the insanity of the Alzheimer type.
With the Parkinson's disease, in fact the neurons of the black substance secrete the dopamine which degenerates. Among patients suffering from the disease of Huntington, the atrophy occurs on the level of striatum, in the caudé core and the putamen, at those suffering of amyotrophic side sclerosis, on the level of the driving neurons of the cerebral cortex and the motoneurones of the spinal-cord, while at those reached of multiple sclerosis, it is the sheath of myéline surrounding the axons of the central nervous system which is touched.
The researchers try since decades to discover a biological marker who would allow to distinguish Alzheimer from the state from normal ageing and other neurodégénératives diseases (see the framed preceding one). The simplicity of a blood testing where one would detect certain molecules revealing the presence of an insanity of the Alzheimer type still makes however wait.
This diagnosis thus remains difficult to establish, inter alia because the symptoms of Alzheimer can resemble benign losses of memory or the symptoms of other diseases like the depression. Moreover, it is always only about one “probable” diagnosis which is done by elimination of the other possible causes (step known as of “differential diagnosis”). Only the observation in the brain of the patient after his death of a cortical atrophy in the presence of the two types of lesions characteristic of Alzheimer, the plates starch and of decays neurofibrillaires will confirm the suspicions.
Initially, the doctor thus will question the patient and will try to see whether he really suffers from an insanity by eliminating the other affections being able to cause similar symptoms (reaction to certain drugs, brain tumour, accident cérébrovasculaire (ACV), problem of thyroid, chronic infection, etc). As there exists a great diagnostic uncertainty because of the heterogeneity of the symptoms of Alzheimer, the doctor questions also the close relations of the patient to try to better include/understand the evolution of the losses of memory and the other difficulties lived with the daily newspaper.
Standardized tests, like the ms (for “Mental Minis Status”, in English), then make it possible to evaluate the severity of the attacks with various cognitive capacities of the patient (location in time and space, memorizing, attention, calculation, etc). If necessary, the doctor can also advise with the patient to pass an examination of cerebral imagery to reinforce the probability of the diagnosis. These techniques, unfortunately not always accessible because of their high cost, makes it possible to evaluate for example the cortical atrophy in various cerebral areas, the increase in size of the ventricles cerebral or the fall of the metabolism of areas implied in the memory. They also make it possible to eliminate from other causes like the cerebral tumours, the multiple méningiomes, ACV, etc
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